also Turkic bal 'honey'), and the Turkish suffix an 'swampy forest' or Persian bālā-khāna 'big high house'. The origin of the word Balkan is obscure it may be related to Turkish bālk 'mud' (from Proto-Turkic *bal 'mud, clay thick or gluey substance', cf. Italy, although by some definitions having a small part of its territory on the Peninsula, is generally excluded. Sometimes the term also includes Romania and southern parts of Slovenia. The term by most definitions fully encompasses Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Greece, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, European Turkey, and a large part of Croatia and Serbia. There exists no universal agreement on the region's components. The borders of the Balkans are, due to many contrasting definitions, disputed. The alternative term used for the region is Southeast Europe. The term has acquired a stigmatized and pejorative meaning related to the process of Balkanization. The definition of the Balkan Peninsula's natural borders does not coincide with the technical definition of a peninsula hence modern geographers reject the idea of a Balkan Peninsula, while historical scholars usually discuss the Balkans as a region. It had a geopolitical rather than a geographical definition, which was further promoted during the creation of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in the early 20th century. The term Balkan Peninsula was a synonym for Rumelia in the 19th century, the European provinces of the Ottoman Empire. The concept of the Balkan Peninsula was created by the German geographer August Zeune in 1808, who mistakenly considered the Balkan Mountains the dominant mountain system of Southeast Europe spanning from the Adriatic Sea to the Black Sea. The highest point of the Balkans is Musala, 2,925 metres (9,596 ft), in the Rila mountain range, Bulgaria. The northern border of the peninsula is variously defined. The Balkan Peninsula is bordered by the Adriatic Sea in the northwest, the Ionian Sea in the southwest, the Aegean Sea in the south, the Turkish straits in the east, and the Black Sea in the northeast.
The region takes its name from the Balkan Mountains that stretch throughout the whole of Bulgaria. The Balkans ( / ˈ b ɔː l k ən z/ BAWL-kənz), also known as the Balkan Peninsula, is a geographical area in southeastern Europe with various geographical and historical definitions.
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